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Physics · 9702

Paper 4

01Motion in a Circle

Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion3

Circular Motion & Radians Angular Speed Linear Speed, Wheels & Gears

Centripetal Acceleration2

Why Circular Motion Accelerates Calculating Centripetal Acceleration

Forces in Circular Motion8

Centripetal Force How Circular Motion Changes The Real Inward Force Resolving Forces in Circular Motion A Ball Inside a Smooth Cone Conical Pendulum Banked Roads & Aircraft Circular Motion at a Latitude

02Gravitational Fields

Fields & Newton's Law7

Gravity and Gravitational Fields Gravitational Field Lines Newton's Law of Gravitation Gravitational Field Strength Field Strength of a Point Mass Combined Gravitational Fields Finding a Zero-Field Point

Potential & Energy4

Gravitational Potential Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational Energy Changes Energy to Escape a Gravitational Field

Field & Potential Graphs2

Gravitational Field Strength Graphs Gravitational Potential Graphs

Orbits4

Circular Orbits Orbital Period & Kepler's Third Law Orbital Period Graphs Geostationary Orbits

03Temperature

Thermal Transfer and Equilibrium1

Thermal Energy Transfer and Equilibrium

Measuring Temperature2

Thermometers and Thermometric Properties Thermodynamic Temperature

Specific Heat Capacity2

Specific Heat Capacity Thermal Energy Sharing

Specific Latent Heat2

Specific Latent Heat Latent Heat Calculations

04Ideal Gases

The Mole & the Gas Equation5

Amount of Substance and the Mole Boyle's Law and Charles's Law The Equation of State Counting Molecules: pV = NkT Reading a pV against kT Graph

Kinetic Theory of Gases5

The Kinetic Model of a Gas How Molecules Cause Pressure Temperature and Mean Kinetic Energy Root-Mean-Square Speed R.M.S. Speed Relationships

05Thermodynamics

Internal Energy1

Internal Energy

The First Law3

The First Law of Thermodynamics Work During a Volume Change Work from a Pressure-Volume Graph

First-Law Applications4

Applying the First Law Using the Process Condition First-Law Tables Pressure-Volume Paths and Cycles

06Oscillations

Describing Oscillations7

Oscillations: Start Here Period, Frequency and Angular Frequency Phase Difference and Amplitude What Makes Motion Simple Harmonic?SHM as a Circular Projection SHM Equations and Graphs Speed and Acceleration in SHM

Energy of Oscillations1

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Damping and Resonance2

Damping Forced Oscillations and Resonance

07Electric Fields

Electric Field Foundations4

Electric Fields: Start Here Drawing Electric Field Lines Uniform Electric Fields Charged-Particle Motion in a Uniform Field

Point Charges4

Coulomb's Law Charged Spheres in Equilibrium The Field of a Point Charge Combining Electric Fields

Electric Potential4

Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy Field Strength from Potential Zero Potential and Zero Field

08Capacitance

Capacitor Foundations4

Capacitance: Start Here Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor How a Capacitor Stores Energy Calculating Capacitor Energy

Capacitor Networks3

Capacitors in Series and Parallel Reducing Capacitor Networks Charge Sharing

Capacitor Discharge3

Why Capacitor Discharge Slows Down Capacitor Time Constant Using the Discharge Equation

09Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Field Foundations3

Magnetic Fields: Start Here Field Around a Straight Wire Fields of Coils and Solenoids

Forces on Currents2

Force on a Current Forces Between Parallel Wires

Moving Charges7

Force on a Moving Charge Charged Particles in Circles Period of a Charged Particle The Velocity Selector Velocity Selector Calculations The Hall Effect Using a Hall Probe

10Electromagnetic Induction

Induction Foundations4

Electromagnetic Induction: Start Here Induction Experiments and E.m.f. Size Magnetic Flux Magnetic Flux Linkage

Faraday's Law3

Faraday's Law Motional E.m.f.From Flux Graphs to E.m.f. Graphs

Direction & Applications3

Lenz's Law Eddy Currents and Braking Rotating Conductors and Generators

11Alternating Currents

Alternating Current Foundations3

Alternating Current: Start Here Reading an a.c. Graph Sinusoidal a.c. Equations

r.m.s. Values & Power4

What r.m.s. Means Calculating r.m.s. Values The a.c. Power Waveform Mean Power in a Resistive Load

Rectification & Smoothing5

Half-wave and Full-wave Outputs The Single-diode Rectifier Bridge Rectifier How Smoothing Works Smoothing Calculations

12Quantum Physics

Light as Quanta5

What a Photon Is Photon Energy and Electronvolts Photon Intensity Photon Rate Photon Momentum and Radiation Force

Photoelectric Effect5

What the Photoelectric Effect Is Explaining Photoelectric Observations The Photoelectric Equation Threshold Frequency & Wavelength Photoelectric Graphs and Stopping Potential

Matter Waves2

Wave–Particle Duality and de Broglie Wavelength Electron Diffraction

Atomic Spectra3

Recognising Line Spectra Atomic Energy Levels and Transitions Explaining Line Spectra

13Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Reactions3

Nuclear Equations Mass–Energy Equivalence Calculating Nuclear Reaction Energy

Mass & Binding Energy4

Mass Defect & Binding Energy The Binding-Energy Curve Fusion & Fission Why Fusion and Fission Release Energy

Radioactive Decay5

Evidence for Random Decay Random & Spontaneous Decay Activity & Decay Constant Half-Life & Exponential Decay Using Radioactive-Decay Equations

14Medical Physics

Ultrasound3

How Ultrasound Builds an Image Impedance, Reflection & Gel Ultrasound Attenuation

X-ray Imaging3

X-ray Production & Minimum Wavelength X-ray Attenuation & Contrast Computed Tomography

PET Imaging1

15Astronomy & Cosmology

Stars & Distance2

Luminosity & Radiant Flux Standard Candles & Distance

Stellar Properties2

Stellar Temperature from a Spectrum Stellar Radius from Luminosity

The Expanding Universe3

Redshift & Recession Speed Hubble's Law Expansion & the Big Bang

16Definitions

A Level Definitions15

Motion in a Circle Gravitational Fields Temperature Ideal Gases Thermodynamics Oscillations Electric Fields Capacitance Magnetic Fields Electromagnetic Induction Alternating Currents Quantum Physics Nuclear Physics Medical Physics Astronomy and Cosmology

Revision Notes Practice Questions Topical Past Paper Questions Past Papers

Resources

Revision Notes Practice Questions Topical Past Paper Questions Past Papers

Paper 4/Capacitance

Capacitor Time Constant

Practise Capacitance

Contents

Physics · 9702

Paper 4

01Motion in a Circle

Kinematics of Uniform Circular Motion3

Circular Motion & Radians Angular Speed Linear Speed, Wheels & Gears

Centripetal Acceleration2

Why Circular Motion Accelerates Calculating Centripetal Acceleration

Forces in Circular Motion8

Centripetal Force How Circular Motion Changes The Real Inward Force Resolving Forces in Circular Motion A Ball Inside a Smooth Cone Conical Pendulum Banked Roads & Aircraft Circular Motion at a Latitude

02Gravitational Fields

Fields & Newton's Law7

Gravity and Gravitational Fields Gravitational Field Lines Newton's Law of Gravitation Gravitational Field Strength Field Strength of a Point Mass Combined Gravitational Fields Finding a Zero-Field Point

Potential & Energy4

Gravitational Potential Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational Energy Changes Energy to Escape a Gravitational Field

Field & Potential Graphs2

Gravitational Field Strength Graphs Gravitational Potential Graphs

Orbits4

Circular Orbits Orbital Period & Kepler's Third Law Orbital Period Graphs Geostationary Orbits

03Temperature

Thermal Transfer and Equilibrium1

Thermal Energy Transfer and Equilibrium

Measuring Temperature2

Thermometers and Thermometric Properties Thermodynamic Temperature

Specific Heat Capacity2

Specific Heat Capacity Thermal Energy Sharing

Specific Latent Heat2

Specific Latent Heat Latent Heat Calculations

04Ideal Gases

The Mole & the Gas Equation5

Amount of Substance and the Mole Boyle's Law and Charles's Law The Equation of State Counting Molecules: pV = NkT Reading a pV against kT Graph

Kinetic Theory of Gases5

The Kinetic Model of a Gas How Molecules Cause Pressure Temperature and Mean Kinetic Energy Root-Mean-Square Speed R.M.S. Speed Relationships

05Thermodynamics

Internal Energy1

Internal Energy

The First Law3

The First Law of Thermodynamics Work During a Volume Change Work from a Pressure-Volume Graph

First-Law Applications4

Applying the First Law Using the Process Condition First-Law Tables Pressure-Volume Paths and Cycles

06Oscillations

Describing Oscillations7

Oscillations: Start Here Period, Frequency and Angular Frequency Phase Difference and Amplitude What Makes Motion Simple Harmonic?SHM as a Circular Projection SHM Equations and Graphs Speed and Acceleration in SHM

Energy of Oscillations1

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Damping and Resonance2

Damping Forced Oscillations and Resonance

07Electric Fields

Electric Field Foundations4

Electric Fields: Start Here Drawing Electric Field Lines Uniform Electric Fields Charged-Particle Motion in a Uniform Field

Point Charges4

Coulomb's Law Charged Spheres in Equilibrium The Field of a Point Charge Combining Electric Fields

Electric Potential4

Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy Field Strength from Potential Zero Potential and Zero Field

08Capacitance

Capacitor Foundations4

Capacitance: Start Here Capacitance of an Isolated Conductor How a Capacitor Stores Energy Calculating Capacitor Energy

Capacitor Networks3

Capacitors in Series and Parallel Reducing Capacitor Networks Charge Sharing

Capacitor Discharge3

Why Capacitor Discharge Slows Down Capacitor Time Constant Using the Discharge Equation

09Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Field Foundations3

Magnetic Fields: Start Here Field Around a Straight Wire Fields of Coils and Solenoids

Forces on Currents2

Force on a Current Forces Between Parallel Wires

Moving Charges7

Force on a Moving Charge Charged Particles in Circles Period of a Charged Particle The Velocity Selector Velocity Selector Calculations The Hall Effect Using a Hall Probe

10Electromagnetic Induction

Induction Foundations4

Electromagnetic Induction: Start Here Induction Experiments and E.m.f. Size Magnetic Flux Magnetic Flux Linkage

Faraday's Law3

Faraday's Law Motional E.m.f.From Flux Graphs to E.m.f. Graphs

Direction & Applications3

Lenz's Law Eddy Currents and Braking Rotating Conductors and Generators

11Alternating Currents

Alternating Current Foundations3

Alternating Current: Start Here Reading an a.c. Graph Sinusoidal a.c. Equations

r.m.s. Values & Power4

What r.m.s. Means Calculating r.m.s. Values The a.c. Power Waveform Mean Power in a Resistive Load

Rectification & Smoothing5

Half-wave and Full-wave Outputs The Single-diode Rectifier Bridge Rectifier How Smoothing Works Smoothing Calculations

12Quantum Physics

Light as Quanta5

What a Photon Is Photon Energy and Electronvolts Photon Intensity Photon Rate Photon Momentum and Radiation Force

Photoelectric Effect5

What the Photoelectric Effect Is Explaining Photoelectric Observations The Photoelectric Equation Threshold Frequency & Wavelength Photoelectric Graphs and Stopping Potential

Matter Waves2

Wave–Particle Duality and de Broglie Wavelength Electron Diffraction

Atomic Spectra3

Recognising Line Spectra Atomic Energy Levels and Transitions Explaining Line Spectra

13Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Reactions3

Nuclear Equations Mass–Energy Equivalence Calculating Nuclear Reaction Energy

Mass & Binding Energy4

Mass Defect & Binding Energy The Binding-Energy Curve Fusion & Fission Why Fusion and Fission Release Energy

Radioactive Decay5

Evidence for Random Decay Random & Spontaneous Decay Activity & Decay Constant Half-Life & Exponential Decay Using Radioactive-Decay Equations

14Medical Physics

Ultrasound3

How Ultrasound Builds an Image Impedance, Reflection & Gel Ultrasound Attenuation

X-ray Imaging3

X-ray Production & Minimum Wavelength X-ray Attenuation & Contrast Computed Tomography

PET Imaging1

15Astronomy & Cosmology

Stars & Distance2

Luminosity & Radiant Flux Standard Candles & Distance

Stellar Properties2

Stellar Temperature from a Spectrum Stellar Radius from Luminosity

The Expanding Universe3

Redshift & Recession Speed Hubble's Law Expansion & the Big Bang

16Definitions

A Level Definitions15

Motion in a Circle Gravitational Fields Temperature Ideal Gases Thermodynamics Oscillations Electric Fields Capacitance Magnetic Fields Electromagnetic Induction Alternating Currents Quantum Physics Nuclear Physics Medical Physics Astronomy and Cosmology

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