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C
Cambridge
E
Pearson Edexcel
AQA
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OCR
OCR
Competitive
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Revision Notes
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Revision Notes
Practice Questions
Topical Questions
Past Papers
Paper 4
/
Analytical Techniques
Contents
Gas–Liquid Chromatography
Contents
All chapters
Chemistry · 9701
Paper 4
Chapter 16 · Analytical Techniques
Chromatography
Gas–Liquid Chromatography
01
Chemical Energetics
Energy Definitions
2
Lattice Energy & Atomisation
Electron Affinity
Ionic Energy Cycles
2
Born–Haber Cycles
Solution-Enthalpy Cycles
Ionic Attraction
2
Lattice-Energy Trends
Hydration Enthalpy
Entropy
2
Entropy & Arrangements
Reaction Entropy
Feasibility
2
Gibbs Energy & Feasibility
Temperature & Feasibility
Chapter Summary
1
Chapter Summary
02
Electrochemistry
Electrolysis
1
Electrolysis Products
Electrolysis Calculations
3
Charge & the Faraday Constant
Electrolysis: Mass, Gas & Current
Avogadro Constant: Electrolytic Method
Potentials & Cells
2
Standard Electrode Potentials
Cell Potentials & Electron Flow
Redox Decisions
2
Electrode Potentials & Feasibility
Combining Redox Half-Equations
Non-Standard Conditions
1
Nernst Equation & Concentration
Energy & Feasibility
1
Cell Potential & Gibbs Energy
Chapter Summary
1
Chapter Summary
03
Equilibria
Acid–Base Pairs
1
Conjugate Acids & Bases
pH Calculations
3
pH & Water Equilibrium
Strong-Acid & Alkali pH
Weak Acids, Ka & pKa
Buffers
3
Buffer Preparation & Action
Buffer pH Calculations
Buffer Uses & Blood
Solubility Equilibria
2
Solubility Products
Common Ions & Precipitation
Solvent Partition
1
Partition Coefficients
Chapter Summary
1
Equilibria Summary
04
Reaction Kinetics
Rate Laws
2
Rate Equations & Order
Initial-Rates Method
Half-Life
1
Half-Life & Order
Rate Constants
2
Rate Constant Calculations
Temperature & Rate Constant
Mechanisms
1
Mechanisms & Rate-Determining Steps
Catalysis
2
Surface Catalysis
Homogeneous Catalytic Cycles
Chapter Summary
1
Reaction Kinetics Summary
05
Group 2
Thermal Stability
1
Group 2 Thermal Stability
Solution Enthalpy
1
Group 2 Solution Enthalpy
Solubility Trends
2
Group 2 Solubility Trends
Group 2 Anion Comparison
Chapter Summary
1
Group 2 Summary
06
Transition Elements
Foundations
2
Transition Elements & Electron Configurations
Transition-element Properties
Complexes
2
Ligands & Dative Bonds
Coordination Number & Geometry
Ligand Exchange
2
Copper Ligand Exchange
Cobalt Ligand Exchange
Colour
2
d-orbital Splitting
Light Absorption & Complex Colour
Isomerism
1
Complex Stereoisomers
Stability Constants
1
Stability Constants
Redox
3
Iron & Oxalate Redox
Copper–Iodide Titration
Hydrate Redox Calculation
Chapter Summary
1
Transition Elements Summary
07
A2 Organic Foundations
Structures
2
A2 Functional Groups
Amines, Amides & Amino Acids
Representation
1
Organic Formulae & Names
Benzene Structure
1
Benzene Structure & Hybridisation
Optical Isomerism
2
Organic Optical Isomers
Racemic Mixtures & Single-enantiomer Drugs
Chapter Summary
1
A2 Organic Foundations Summary
08
Arenes
Electrophilic Substitution
2
Arene Halogenation & Electron Arrows
Benzene Nitration & Aromatic Stability
Carbon Side Chains
1
Friedel–Crafts Alkylation & Acylation
Other Transformations
1
Arene Oxidation & Hydrogenation
Reaction Choice
1
Arene Reaction Site & Directing Effects
Chapter Summary
1
Arenes Summary
09
Halogenoarenes
Preparation
1
Halogenoarene Preparation
Reactivity
1
Halogenoarene Reactivity & Hydrolysis Evidence
Chapter Summary
1
Halogenoarenes Summary
10
Hydroxy Compounds
Alcohols
1
Alcohols: Acyl Chloride Ester Formation
Phenol Preparation
1
Phenol Preparation
Phenol Acidity
1
Phenol Acidity
Phenol Reactions
1
Phenol with NaOH and Sodium
Ring Substitution
1
Phenol Ring Substitution
Phenolic Transfer
1
Azo Coupling & Other Phenolic Compounds
Chapter Summary
1
Hydroxy Compounds Summary
11
Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives
Acid Preparation
1
Benzoic Acid Preparation
Acid Oxidation
1
Oxidation of Methanoic & Ethanedioic Acids
Acid Strength
1
Carboxylic Acidity & the Chlorine Effect
Acyl Preparation
1
Acyl Chloride Preparation
Acyl Reactions
3
Acyl Chloride Hydrolysis
Acyl Chlorides: Ester Products
Acyl Chlorides: Amide Products
Mechanisms
1
Acyl Chloride Addition–Elimination Mechanisms
Hydrolysis Comparison
1
Acyl, Alkyl & Aryl Hydrolysis Comparison
Chapter Summary
1
Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives Summary
12
Nitrogen Compounds
Amines
2
Amine Preparation
Amine Preparation by Reduction
Basicity
2
Amine Basicity
Why Amides Are Much Weaker Bases
Phenylamine
1
Phenylamine Preparation & Bromination
Diazonium & Azo
1
Diazonium Salts & Azo Dyes
Amides
2
Amide Preparation
Amide Hydrolysis
Amino Acids
1
Amino Acid Charges & Zwitterions
Peptides
1
Dipeptides & Tripeptides
Separation
1
Electrophoresis & the Isoelectric Point
Chapter Summary
1
Nitrogen Compounds Summary
13
Organic Reaction Routes
Nitrogen Routes
1
Nitrile to Primary Amine
Chapter Summary
1
Chapter Summary
14
Polymerisation
Polyesters
1
Polyester Formation
Polyamides
1
Polyamide Formation
Deductions
1
Repeat Units & Monomer Deductions
Polymerisation Type
1
Addition or Condensation?
Degradation
1
Polymer Degradation
Chapter Summary
1
Polymerisation Summary
15
Organic Synthesis
Planning
1
Carbon Count in Synthesis
Selectivity
1
Several Functional Groups in One Molecule
Routes
1
Build a Multi-Step Synthetic Route
Functional Groups
1
Use Reactions to Identify Functional Groups
Route Check
1
Check Conditions & By-Products
Chapter Summary
1
Organic Synthesis Summary
16
Analytical Techniques
Chromatography
2
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Gas–Liquid Chromatography
Carbon-13 NMR
1
Carbon-13 NMR Environments
Proton NMR
2
Proton NMR Environments & Integration
Proton Splitting & the n + 1 Rule
Measurement
1
TMS Reference & Deuterated Solvents
Proton Exchange
1
D₂O Exchange
Structure Deduction
1
Combine Spectra with Formula & Tests
Chapter Summary
1
Analytical Techniques Summary
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